{"id":3238,"date":"2019-03-15T08:39:56","date_gmt":"2019-03-15T08:39:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ccla.org\/?p=3238"},"modified":"2021-09-22T15:57:13","modified_gmt":"2021-09-22T15:57:13","slug":"quest-ce-la-liberte-de-religion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ccla.org\/fr\/get-informed\/talk-rights\/quest-ce-la-liberte-de-religion\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu'est-ce que la libert\u00e9 de religion ?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\t\t
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Parce que la section \u201cApprendre\u201d de TalkRights pr\u00e9sente le contenu produit par des b\u00e9n\u00e9voles de l\u2019ACLC et des entretiens avec des experts dans leurs propres mots, les opinions exprim\u00e9es ici ne repr\u00e9sentent pas n\u00e9cessairement les positions de l\u2019ACLC. Consultez\u00a0la section \u201cIn Focus\u201d\u00a0<\/a>de notre site\u00a0 pour consulter les publications officielles, les rapports, les prises de position, la documentation juridique et des actualit\u00e9s \u00e0 propos du travail de l\u2019ACLC.<\/em><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t

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La libert\u00e9 de religion fait partie des libert\u00e9s fondamentales contenues \u00e0 l\u2019article 2 de la\u00a0Charte canadienne des droits et libert\u00e9s<\/em>\u00a0(ci-apr\u00e8s Charte canadienne)[1]<\/a>. On la retrouve plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019article 2a) de la Charte canadienne. Dans un pays libre, d\u00e9mocratique et multiculturel comme le Canada, la libert\u00e9 de religion poss\u00e8de une importance plus que consid\u00e9rable. Dans une \u00e9tude g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la biblioth\u00e8que parlementaire publi\u00e9e en 2011 et intitul\u00e9e \u00ab\u00a0Libert\u00e9 de religion et signes religieux dans l\u2019espace public<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb, l\u2019auteure Laura Barnette \u00e9crit que l\u2019existence de la libert\u00e9 de religion provient, en partie, du fait qu\u2019au Canada il n\u2019y a pas de l\u00e9gislation officielle sur la s\u00e9paration entre l\u2019\u00c9tat et l\u2019\u00e9glise[2]<\/a>. La libert\u00e9 de religion viendrait alors rassurer les inqui\u00e9tudes des individus issus de communaut\u00e9s religieuses par rapport \u00e0 la position de l\u2019\u00c9tat en la mati\u00e8re. La Charte canadienne \u00e9nonce \u00e0 son article 27 que \u00ab toute interpr\u00e9tation de la Charte canadienne doit concorder avec l\u2019objectif de promouvoir le maintient et la valorisation du patrimoine multiculturel des Canadiens \u00bb[3]<\/a>. On comprend d\u2019apr\u00e8s cet article que le Canada est un pays conscient de son multiculturalisme et que l\u2019intention n\u2019est pas de cr\u00e9er une population homog\u00e8ne. Bien qu\u2019il n\u2019existe pas de lois f\u00e9d\u00e9rales sur la neutralit\u00e9 religieuse, il est prudent de dire que le Canada contreviendrait \u00e0 son propre objectif si une religion \u00e9tait impos\u00e9e aux canadiens. L\u2019existence de la libert\u00e9 de religion dans la Charte canadienne vient d\u2019autant plus r\u00e9affirmer ce point.<\/p>\n

En 1985, dans l\u2019affaire\u00a0Big M Drug Mart Ltd<\/em>, le juge Dickson de la Cour Supr\u00eame d\u00e9finit la libert\u00e9 de religion comme \u00e9tant \u00ab le droit de croire ce que l\u2019on veut en mati\u00e8re religieuse, le droit de professer ouvertement des croyances religieuses sans crainte d\u2019emp\u00eachement ou de repr\u00e9sailles et le droit de manifester ses croyances religieuses par leur mise en pratique et par le culte ou par leur enseignement et leur propagation \u00bb[4]<\/a>. Depuis, cette d\u00e9finition a \u00e9t\u00e9 reprise dans plusieurs cas entendus en Cour Supr\u00eame. Par exemple, en 2006, dans l\u2019affaire\u00a0Multani<\/em>, la Cour a reconnu que l\u2019interdiction du port du kirpan impos\u00e9e par la Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys causait pr\u00e9judice \u00e0 la libert\u00e9 de religion du jeune Gurbaj Singh; un membre de la religion sikhe orthodoxe. Reprenant la d\u00e9finition du juge Dickson, la Cour a conclu que la Commission Marguerite-Bourgeoys avait entraver le droit de manifester ses croyances religieuses par leur mise en pratique de l\u2019\u00e9tudiant Gurbaj Singh en interdisant le port du kirpan. Malgr\u00e9 cette affaire, il est important de mentionner que la d\u00e9cision\u00a0Multani<\/em>\u00a0ne vient pas donner droit automatiquement \u00e0 toutes les personnes issues de la communaut\u00e9 sikhe orthodoxe de porter un kirpan n\u2019importe o\u00f9 au nom de la libert\u00e9 de religion[5]<\/a>]. La d\u00e9finition du juge Dickson nous enseigne que la libert\u00e9 de religion comprend plusieurs facettes dont le droit de pratiquer sa religion sans crainte de repr\u00e9sailles et le droit d\u2019afficher son appartenance \u00e0 une religion. D\u2019ailleurs, c\u2019est pour cela qu\u2019il n\u2019est pas rare de voir des femmes de confession musulmane porter le hijab au Canada. Ces derni\u00e8res exercent leur droit d\u00e9coulant de leur libert\u00e9 de religion de la m\u00eame fa\u00e7on qu\u2019une personne de confession catholique puisse porter sa croix visible \u00e0 tous.<\/p>\n

Puisque nous vivons dans un pays multiculturel, la libert\u00e9 de religion ne peut pas \u00eatre absolue. L\u2019article 1 de la Charte canadienne permet aux gouvernements ou \u00e0 ses organes de restreindre la libert\u00e9 de religion des individus. Cependant, certaines conditions doivent \u00eatre respect\u00e9. L\u2019article 1 exige que les limites impos\u00e9es soient raisonnables et que leur justification puisse se d\u00e9montrer dans le cadre d\u2019une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 libre et d\u00e9mocratique. De plus, il y est aussi indiqu\u00e9 que la libert\u00e9 de religion ne peut \u00eatre limit\u00e9e que par une r\u00e8gle de droit. Ce qui veut dire soit par une loi ou un r\u00e8glement[6]<\/a>. Un bon exemple o\u00f9 un r\u00e8glement a eu pour effet de limiter la libert\u00e9 de religion d\u2019individus se trouve dans la d\u00e9cision\u00a0Hutterian Brethren of Wilson colony<\/em>\u00a0entendu en 2009 en Cour Supr\u00eame. Dans cette affaire, la communaut\u00e9 Hutt\u00e9rites de la colonie Wilson conteste un r\u00e8glement de la province d\u2019Alberta qui les oblige \u00e0 se faire prendre en photo pour obtenir un permis de conduire. Ils avancent que cette obligation porte atteinte \u00e0 leur libert\u00e9 de religion parce qu\u2019ils croient fermement que le deuxi\u00e8me commandement de leur religion leur interdit de se faire prendre en photo volontairement. De son c\u00f4t\u00e9, sans nier l\u2019atteinte \u00e0 la libert\u00e9 de religion, le gouvernement albertain explique que la prise en photo est essentielle \u00e0 leur initiative pour pr\u00e9venir le vol d\u2019identit\u00e9. La Cour Supr\u00eame a donn\u00e9 raison \u00e0 la province bien que la libert\u00e9 de religion des hutt\u00e9rites ait \u00e9t\u00e9 atteinte[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Il s\u2019agit l\u00e0 d\u2019un bel exemple o\u00f9 la libert\u00e9 de religion a \u00e9t\u00e9 limit\u00e9 par un gouvernement pour une raison que la Cour a reconnu \u00eatre justifiable dans une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 libre et d\u00e9mocratique. D\u2019autant plus que la raison de la province de l\u2019Alberta touchait le vol d\u2019identit\u00e9 qui est un enjeu qui touche la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 publique. D\u2019ailleurs, dans l\u2019affaire\u00a0Ross<\/em>\u00a0la Cour Supr\u00eame dit que \u00ab la libert\u00e9 de religion est soumise aux restrictions n\u00e9cessaires pour prot\u00e9ger la s\u00e9curit\u00e9, l\u2019ordre, la sant\u00e9 ou la moralit\u00e9 publics, ainsi que les libert\u00e9s et droits fondamentaux d\u2019autrui \u00bb[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Enfin, bien trop de personnes sont port\u00e9es \u00e0 croire que la libert\u00e9 de religion ne concerne que les croyants. Ce qui est faux. Dans l\u2019affaire\u00a0Mouvement la\u00efque qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois<\/em>\u00a0entendu en 2015 devant la Cour supr\u00eame. Les juges ont ordonn\u00e9 \u00e0 la ville de Saguenay de cesser la r\u00e9citation de la pri\u00e8re dans les salles de d\u00e9lib\u00e9ration du conseil municipal. La Cour a reconnu que la r\u00e9citation portait atteinte \u00e0 la libert\u00e9 de religion d\u2019un homme ath\u00e9e qui n\u2019avait d\u2019autre choix que de quitter la salle lors de la pri\u00e8re et d\u2019ainsi d\u00e9voiler son ath\u00e9isme. Cette d\u00e9cision confirme que la libert\u00e9 de religion n\u2019est pas un droit qui s\u2019applique qu\u2019aux personnes membre d\u2019une communaut\u00e9 religieuse[9]<\/a>. La Cour europ\u00e9enne des droits de l\u2019Homme dans l\u2019affaire\u00a0Kokkinakis c. Gr\u00e8ce<\/em>\u00a0affirme que la libert\u00e9 de religion inclut aussi \u00ab les ath\u00e9es, des agnostiques, des sceptiques et des indiff\u00e9rents \u00bb[10]<\/a>. Nul ne peut se voir imposer une religion. La libert\u00e9 de religion est aussi la libert\u00e9 de croire ou de ne pas croire en une religion.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a>\u00a0Charte canadienne des droits et libert\u00e9s<\/em>, partie I de la\u00a0Loi constitutionnelle de 1982<\/em>, constituant l\u2019annexe B de la\u00a0Loi de 1982 sur le Canada<\/em>\u00a0(R-U), 1982 c-11.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a>\u00a0Laura Barnett, \u00ab Libert\u00e9 de religion et signes religieux dans l\u2019espace public \u00bb (2011) Publication n\u00b02011-60-F, \u00c9tude g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, Biblioth\u00e8que du Parlement, para 2.2.1.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a>\u00a0Supra<\/em>\u00a0note 1, art 27.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a>\u00a0R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd.<\/em>, [1985] 1 RCS 295 au para 94.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a>\u00a0Multani c. Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys<\/em>, 2006 CSC 6, [2006] 1 RCS 256.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a>\u00a0Supra<\/em>\u00a0note 1, art 1.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a>\u00a0Alberta c. Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony<\/em>, 2009 CSC 37, [2009] 2 RCS 567.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a>\u00a0Ross c. Conseil scolaire du district no 15 du Nouveau-Brunswick<\/em>, [1996] 1 RCS 825.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a>\u00a0Mouvement la\u00efque qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois c. Saguenay (ville)<\/em>, 2015 CSC 16, [2015] 2 R.C.S. 3.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a>\u00a0Supra\u00a0<\/em>note 7, \u00e0 la p 128.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t

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About the Canadian Civil Liberties Association<\/h3>\n
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The CCLA is an independent, non-profit organization with supporters from across the country. Founded in 1964, the CCLA is a national human rights organization committed to defending the rights, dignity, safety, and freedoms of all people in Canada.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Please keep referring to\u00a0this page<\/a>\u00a0and to our social media platforms. We are on\u00a0Instagram<\/u><\/a>,\u00a0Facebook<\/u><\/a>, Twitter<\/u><\/a> and Blue Sky<\/u><\/a>.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L'Association canadienne des libert\u00e9s civiles (ACLC) contestera l'injonction exceptionnellement large du gouvernement de la Nouvelle-\u00c9cosse limitant les manifestations dans la province. <\/p>","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":5980,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[216,158],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3238","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-tr-learn","category-talk-rights"],"yoast_head":"\nQu\u2019est-ce la libert\u00e9 de religion ? - CCLA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ccla.org\/fr\/sinformer\/droits-de-parole\/quest-ce-la-liberte-de-religion\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_CA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Qu\u2019est-ce la libert\u00e9 de religion ? 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